The Erotic in Joyces A Painful Case Essay -- Painful

The Erotic in Joyces A Painful Case The characters whom inhabit Joyces world in Dubliners, a good deal have, as Harvard Literature Professor Fischer stated in lecture, a limited way of thinking about and understanding themselves and the world around them. Such determinism, however, operates not on a broad cultural scale, exclusively works in smaller, more local, more interior and more idiosyncratic ways. That is, the forces which mold Joyces characters are not necessarily cultural or socioeconomic in nature, but rather, as Prof. Fischer stated, are tiny, and work on a more intimate level. In any case, as a result of such forces, these stories often tend to be about something, as Prof. Fischer said, that doesnt happen, about the romance of yearning and self-disappointment. Joyces story A Painful Case is a perfect example of a story about something that doesnt happen, and more specifically, about the romance of yearning. It is through such yearning, however, and the v arious erotic forms that such yearning takes, that Joyces characters are able to transcend the forces which govern their lives. In A Painful Case the erotic takes on three separate forms cordial, physical, and what I call, auditory. Although all three play a role in the story, it is only through auditory eroticism that Joyces protagonist, Mr. Duffy, comes to experience a moment of self-transcendence. While auditory eroticism may serve, in the end, as the conduit for Duffys self-transformation, initially it is mental eroticism that brings together Mr. Duffy and Mrs. Sinico. Joyce writes, Little by little he (Duffy) entangled his thoughts with hers. He lent her books, provided her with ideas, shared... ...llowed to shine in full poetic fervor and reality, although Joyce attempts to secede it, seeps back in through his words and metaphors. Works Cited and Consulted Bidwell, Bruce and Linda Heffer. The Joycean Way A Topographic Guide to Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a immature Man. Johns Hopkins Baltimore, 1981. Gifford, Don. Joyce Annotated Notes for Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. University of California Berkeley, 1982. Joyce, James. Dubliners. Penguin Books rude(a) York, 1975. Peake, C.H. James Joyce The Citizen and the Artist. Stanford University Stanford, 1977. Tindall, William York. A Readers Guide to James Joyce. Noonday Press New York, 1959. Walzl, Florence L. Dubliners. A Companion Study to James Joyce. Ed. Zack Bowen and James F. Carens. Greenwood Press London, 1984

F.Scott Fitzgerald and George Orwell Essay -- comic books, marvel comi

A states legacy is created by the people, for the people. The legacy fashioned by a nation is known as its cultural heritage which is defined by the withstanding creations of a society (Cultural Heritage Web). A nuances cultural heritage allows future generations to learn of the past and the present generation to express what is current. Written documents and literature are important aspects of a nations cultural heritage because of the various perspectives and opinions expressed (Kirk Web). The American society has a long history expressed by thousands of tangible artifacts and intangible stories, scarcely some creations receive more respect as a part of our heritage than others. Literature, for example, allows us to gain a better understanding of the country, people, and feelings of the times. The classics are revered for its formal presentation and its withstanding social movement, while other written pieces are cast aside.Comic books may not be considered in the same realm as the great novels of F.Scott Fitzgerald and George Orwell some dont even consider comics literary works but there is a viable argument to justify their presence as culturally important pieces of literature. Similar to the great novels of our time, comics express the difficulties of human nature and are timeless works (Kalstein Web). The content of these short stories can be used as primary sources of popular culture as they are filled with historical references and have been influential in guiding the thoughts of the nation done their patriotic content over time, leaving an impactful mark in history.Marvel Comics, an American publisher, is recognized for its release of many popular heroes. The writers of this publishing firm are known to be highly... ...t Superhero Metaphors, Narratives, and Geopolitics. Philadelphia Temple University Press. 2012. Project MUSE. Web. 13 December 2013.Dittmer, Jason and Soren Larsen. Aboriginality and the Artic North in Canadian Nationalist Super hero Comics, 1940-2004. Historical Geography Volume 38 (2010) pages 52-69. Web. 13 December 2013.Kirk, Ashley. The Importance of Historicism and Context in Literature. Web blog post. Words on a Page. N.p. 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.Kalstein, Nicole. Comic Books A New salmagundi of Literature. Examiner. N.p. 25 May 2011. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.Scott, Cord. Comics and Conflict War and Patriotically Themed Comics in American Cultural History from World War II through the Iraq War. Dissertations. Loyola University, Chicago. 2011. Web. 3 December 2013.What Is Cultural Heritage. Culture in Development. N.p. n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.

Children And Play In The First Essay -- essays research papers

Childs PlayThe First Two Years of LifeIn the first two years of behavior range is both a reflection of and an influence on all areas of infant development intellectual, social, emotional and physical. Play is a central, allencompassing device characteristic of infant development, allowing children to learn about the world and themselves. Even during the first half-year of life infants really do work, even though the interpretation of what is play and what is exploration must first be established. The direction of this paper is to discuss three forms of play that occur during the first two years of life. The work of denim Piaget and other psychologists in supporting and developing these ideas is critical. The first of these is sensorimotor play which begins with the infants accidental discovery of an practise that is inherently satisfying, and consists of the continuos repetition of that activity for the sheer joy of doing so (Hughes, 1991). The second is play with objects inv olves the intentional handling of an object that leads to satisfaction from the handling. Finally symbolic play is the use of mental representation, in which one object represents another (Hughes, 1991).Exploration or Play?The differences between play and exploration can be difficult to assess. When infants are exploring their surroundings, they are usually cautious and serious. While examining an item during exploration an infant would smell, taste and perhaps rub the item against his/her cheek in a ritualistic manner. In play however, an infant would jump from one object to another without care, and play activities are completely devoid of the rigidity previously described.Finally, when children explore their entire attention is gaunt on the object begin explored. Their heart rates are steady, and they are unwilling to be interrupted. Yet, during play the childrens heart rate is variable and they are interrupted easily (Hughes, 1991). It should be easier to tell the difference b etween play and exploration using these behavioral differences as a guideline. Sensorimotor PlayThe first year of life consists of what Jean Piaget called sensorimotor play or practice play (Piaget, 1962), the repetition of already assimilated sensory or motor activities for the sheer frolic of doing so. Piaget suggests th... ... even more sophisticated, as children combine objects in play, use them appropriately, and begin incorporating them into symbolic play. Symbolic play is characterized by a serious of levels that suddenly step forward in the second year. Further development is seen as each level is symbolic play is explored. Decentration refers to the degree that a child is able to shift focus from self to external objects. Decontextualization refers to the use of one object as a substitute for another, and integration is the organization of play into complex patterns.ReferencesGarvey, C. (1990). Play. Cambridge Harvard University.Hughes, F. P. (1991). Children, play and d evelopment. Boston Allyn/Bacon.Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and artificial in childhood. New York Norton.Piaget, J. (1963). The origins of intelligence in children. New York Free Press.Rosenblatt, D. (1977). Developmental trends in infant play. In B. Tizard & D. Harvey (Eds.), The biology of play. Philadelphia Lippincott.Sheridan, M.D. (1977). Spontaneous play in primordial childhood from birth to six years. England NFER Publishing.

Explain, with specific examples from the novel, How the writer’s :: Free Essay Writer

Explain, with specific examples from the novel, How the writers descriptions of location and setting hypothecate the changes inJane Eyres character.In this essay I will explain how Charlotte Bronte manages to changethe mood and feelings in Jane Eyres character by the description ofthe location and setting. end-to-end Jane Eyre, as Jane herself movesfrom one physical location to a nonher, the settings in which she findsherself vary considerably. Bronte makes the most of this by carefullyarranging those settings, to match the differing circumstances Janefinds herself in at each.In this novel, Charlotte Bronte uses violence through out(a) the book tokeep the reader interested and also at the same time it creates a wellspringboard for emotional and dramatical scenes. This is a great wayfor Bronte, to express the different changes in Jane Eyres mood andfeelings. The first occurrence of this is when Jane physicallyquarrels with her cousin John. This leads to Jane being locked up inthe inflammation Room in which her uncle died. This represents violence becauseof the physical fighting and that the room is also red, which somepeople think represents violence. Also, in the book Charlotte Bronteuses the technique of pathetic delusion to represent Janes moods e.g.the cold winter wind had brought with its clouds so sombre, a rainso penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of thequestion (chapter 1, Page 9). This is a description of the weather atGateshead, showing that Janes inner mood is blank and miserable. Shefeels unsure about her future, by not having a bare insight into herlife. As a young girl, Jane Eyre feels trapped at Gateshead, as if itis her whole world.In the first chapter, Charlotte Bronte makes a very good attempt atdescribing Janes veneration of John Reed, He bullied and punished me nottwo or three times in the week, but continually every nerve I hadfeared him, and every morsel of flesh on my bones shrank when he camenear (Chapter 1, Page 12). This is a description of Janes fear thatshe has of John. This shows that Jane could not be very happy andwould be frightened most of the time because of the bullying andpunishing John gave to her continually. Also in the first chapter,Jane is excluded to the breakfast room and she went behind a closedcurtain reading quietly which was very enjoying for her, I was thenhappy happy at least in my way. This shows Janes happiness when sheis reading a book, In my own opinion I think Jane gets happy because

Religion and Politics in Tibet Essay -- Political

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, is the spiritual and political leader of an ancient people without a country, and is the binding and driving force behind Tibetan nonviolent resistance and cultural rebuilding. He was born July 6, 1935, making him 69 years old. He has lived all but 15 of these 69 years in exile from his country, continually being a main reason for their survival. The Dalai Lama is now considering his successor, and plans to do so through democratic means instead of the traditional process of divination. He has also been guiding his country toward a westernized organization of government in recent years, more and more towards a greater separation of church and state. How will Tibet, a country defined by its religious fervor, survive in exile with a separation of religion and politics? The Dalai Lama and Tibet have stood together against one of the largest countries in the world for half a century. Even though Tibet has yet to regain its sovereignty, it ha s managed to survive and even thrive while in exile, and is slowly making small steps back toward once again ruling the Land of Snows. Tibets success so far is due to its unique blend of religion and politics. Their success is evident in the equality of their people, their peaceful nature, and the go on success of their resistance to China for the last 54 years. A Secular Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama is the living incarnation of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokitesvara. The institution of the Dalai Lama was created by a Mongol chief, Altan Khan, in the year 1578. Altan Khan already ruled a great section of the Mongolian empire and parts of northern China when he first came in contact with Tibet. In this first meeting, Altan met t... ...lizes. stay Magazine. (Oct-Dec 2002) 6 Ram, Senthil. The Pragmatism in Tibetan Nonviolent Politics online. The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, June 2004 cited 18 November 2004. Available from the World Wide weav e (http//www.transnational.org /forum/Nonviolence/2004/Ram_pragmatismTibet.html) The Government of Tibet in Exile online. Available from the World Wide weather vane (www.tibet.com) Thurman, Robert A. F, Kenneth Kraft. Inner Peace, World Peace Tibet and the Monastic Army of Peace. Albany State University of New York Press, 1992. US Department of State online. Available from the World Wide Web (www.state.gov) Woodward, Kenneth L. Dalai Lama My Name, My Popularity Useful in Promoting Human Values, Harmony Among Religions Next Dalai Lama Could Be Indian or European ... Even A Woman. Newsweek. (August 9, 1999)

Religion and Politics in Tibet Essay -- Political

Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, is the spiritual and political leader of an ancient stack without a country, and is the binding and driving force behind Tibetan nonviolent resistance and cultural rebuilding. He was born July 6, 1935, making him 69 years old. He has lived all but 15 of these 69 years in exile from his country, continually being a main reason for their survival. The Dalai Lama is now considering his successor, and plans to do so through democratic means instead of the traditional process of divination. He has also been guiding his country toward a westernized organization of government in recent years, more and more towards a greater separation of church and state. How will Tibet, a country defined by its religious fervor, survive in exile with a separation of religion and politics? The Dalai Lama and Tibet have stood together against one of the largest countries in the world for half a century. Even though Tibet has yet to regain its sovereignty, it has managed to survive and even thrive while in exile, and is slowly making small steps back toward once again rule the Land of Snows. Tibets success so far is due to its unique blend of religion and politics. Their success is evident in the equality of their people, their peaceful nature, and the proceed success of their resistance to China for the last 54 years. A Secular Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama is the living incarnation of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokitesvara. The institution of the Dalai Lama was created by a Mongol chief, Altan Khan, in the year 1578. Altan Khan already ruled a great section of the Mongolian empire and parts of northern China when he first came in contact with Tibet. In this first meeting, Altan met t... ...lizes. pink of my John Magazine. (Oct-Dec 2002) 6 Ram, Senthil. The Pragmatism in Tibetan Nonviolent Politics online. The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research, June 2004 cited 18 November 2004. Available from the World Wide nett (http//www.transnational.org /forum/Nonviolence/2004/Ram_pragmatismTibet.html) The Government of Tibet in Exile online. Available from the World Wide nett (www.tibet.com) Thurman, Robert A. F, Kenneth Kraft. Inner Peace, World Peace Tibet and the Monastic Army of Peace. Albany State University of New York Press, 1992. US Department of State online. Available from the World Wide Web (www.state.gov) Woodward, Kenneth L. Dalai Lama My Name, My Popularity Useful in Promoting Human Values, Harmony Among Religions Next Dalai Lama Could Be Indian or European ... Even A Woman. Newsweek. (August 9, 1999)

Aspects of Human Resource Management

Aspects of homo Resource Management The main focus of homo Resource Management is military force and how they can be best utilized to accomplish the mission of the organization based on several aspects of the department. These aspects argon Equal Opportunity and Affirmative carry out, Human Resource Planning, Execution and Selection, Human Resources Development, Compensation and Benefits, Safety and Health, and Employee and Labor Relations. Each area serves a dual purpose of helping the employer provide a reveal environment to their employees and procure the success of the company.This paper will reflect on each aspect of human resource forethought and discuss how they work in concert to per act upon the primary function. Almost all aspects of human resource management are affected by Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action laws. These laws govern the human resource process of recruiting, selecting and promoting the best and most qualified person for the job. It pr otects employees or potential recruits from discrimination based on race, color, gender, age, religion or national origin (as cited by Youssef, 2012. Sec 1. 5).One example of discrimination in the workplace would be an employer asking applicants to list their background/ethnicity on an employment activity with the intent to use that information for hiring purposes. This type of business practice is illegal and can have damaging consequences such as a class fulfill lawsuit or a negative image on the organization. Decisions concerning all aspects of human resource management should be based off the best touch on of the company. The more diverse a company is the more effective it can operate because it brings new ideas and different perspectives to the table.Another important aspect of human resource management is planning. Planning is the process of setting a goal or task, and determining step by step how an organization will achieve those goals. In severalize for an organization to achieve its strategic objectives it requires a lot of planning. This major task is one of umpteen functions performed by the human resources department. human resource planning is answerable for managing all matters relating to employees. They must accurately predict the number of employees the rganization will need in arrange to achieve the organizations strategic goals. Having too many or too little employees can hinder the organizations ability to operate efficiently, effectively and competitively. Once it is determined how many employees are needed, human resource ply must select qualified applicants to fulfill desired positions based on an employees knowledge, skill and abilities. Also, they must plan how to best utilize the workforces skills and talents in decree to obtain a competitive advantage over their counterparts.Furthermore in relating to human resource planning, part of achieving an organizations goal is it must have the right amount of people to do the job a nd a plan on how to maintain them once the selection process has occurred. For example, in order for the military to achieve its strategic objectives, it must have the right number of soldiers to fulfill certain jobs or tasks. Like any other organization, in order to be considered for a position in the military, you must take an aptitude test to determine what jobs in the military would best suit your abilities.Based off how you crap will determine what jobs you qualify for. This score is known as the Armed Forces Qualification Test Score and is important because it determines whether you can join the military run of your choice. Each branch of service has set their own minimum AFQT score. Another part of strategic planning in the military is retaining soldiers and in order to retain qualified soldiers they offer incentives such as sign-on bonuses, reenlist bonuses, assignment preferences etcHuman Development is another aspect that is essential to the management, training, and im provement of employees. At different stages of their careers, employees need different kinds of training. Human Resources Managements role is to provide this training to employees to sharpen their skills and the organizations capability. When the organization invests in improving the knowledge and skills of their employees, the investment is returned in the form of productivity and effective employees. As time passes and technology changes the role of training and development programs will be transformed.As employees, we need to be flexible and partake in continuous learning. Also, updating your skill set will be critical to your personal and professional success. In order to measure the effectiveness of training, there are several steps you can take to ensure it works. The first step would be to ask for feedback from the employees once training has been conducted. If the training does not pertain to the factual job or is lacking pertinent information the employees feedback can hel p improve the training.The next measure to take to test the effectiveness of training is to accord a pre-test and post-test and compare the results. The pre-test will tell you how much knowledge the employee started with, and how much they really learned from the training at the end will be revealed with the post-test. The stopping point step is to observe an employee work to see if what they learned in training is actually being applied to the job. Everyone has their own reason for working and money is ordinarily the most important factor because it pays the bills.However, employee benefits are equally as important to keeping employees motivated to work. Healthcare costs can become extremely expensive, peculiarly for those families with medical issues and having insurance to cover those costs can benefit more than pay. Additionally, with inflation and the cost of living rising, people cannot afford to live off accessible security alone. A pension plan can help supplement socia l security benefits after retirement. Other types of employee benefits provide security for families in the concomitant of disability or death.Human Resource Management has a responsibility to ensure the wellness and safety of their employees. Every organization should have policies and procedures established for integrating health and safety practices in the workplace and ensure resources are available to assist employees in the event of a mishap. This aspect correlates with training because human resource managers should ensure that employees are aware and familiar with all the hazards that exist within their immediate work center and know how to report any issues if someone becomes injured or ill.

Principles of Hypnosis

The Principles of Hypnosis CONTENTS Dylan Morgan THE BOOK is ar barfd in three voices A, B and C. Part A, kindred the root organization of a plant, is a foundation. It brings into object just nigh of the materials that depart be needed for the remainder of the deem. These chapters argon plainly gener solelyy connected to distri only whenively opposite. Part B, like the stem of a plant, develops the central theme of the book, which is the key processes compound in Hyp nonherapy. These chapters ar strongly connected and should be read in high society. Part C, like the leaves or fruit of a plant, spreads out again.These chapters nuclear number 18 every developments from the ideas of Part B, but be non other than connected strongly. They bottomland be read in almost both(prenominal)(prenominal) ball club, and be intended to stimulate theme in a renewing of juvenile g everywherenions. PART A Introduction. This describes the kind of book you ar reading. It is a book which is devoted to bring ining a unified metaphysical imagine of the subject. In this itinerary it is in the raw and unique. It does not yield any invigorated f genuine turns, but rather ar contrives the agencys in a new light. It stand fors a new paradigm for Hypnosis. Chapter 1 Clearing the Ground.Here we gather in sure that we k in a flash what trusted key watch oral communication will mean in this book. The word Hypnosis will refer ONLY to the subject and not to most hypothetical state or condition. Chapter 2 mesmeric Phenomena. Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy be token fields of human cutledge. We whitethorn delimit such fields of fellowship by their subject matter the phenomena they hide with. A brief over post of some of the standard phenomena of Hypnosis is progress to re head the reader of what the subjects involve. Chapter 3 Introducing Systems.A very big idea which is central to future development is that of organizations, and doweryicular ly organic organisations. This chapter introduces some of the basic properties of systems which will recur doneout the book, primarily their level of drill, and the most basic ways in which they might affect for each one other. An important stenography notation is in addition presented. Chapter 4 Other Theoretical Approaches. It is utiliz subject past to examine various other hypothetic burn downes which sacrifice been taken to the subject. This overview will deepen the understanding of the newcomer.The shop of theories is categorize with an eye on the way in which they wad be link up to particular organic systems. It will be seen that the systems greet gives a way of unifying discussion and analysis of the whole field. The primary conclusion is that previous theoretical systemls have been based on noticing that Hypnotic techniques miscellanea the functioning of peerless particular system of the mind or proboscis and and so extrapolating to the idea that this par ticular system or substitute is the key or definitive feature of Hypnosis. for each one theory t hitherfore has some truth to teach, but none digests a drop off picture. Chapter 5 Interlude Analogous Processes. In this chapter the reader is reminded of many other organic systems with which he or she is familiar, such as organisations, ecosystems, economies and families. The purpose is to activate in the mind certain(p) patterns of organised thought certain dynamic images a certain organic approach to a subject which is a occasionful one when we develop the Morganic approach to Hypnotherapy. Chapter 6 A First Order Classification of Subsystems substance abuseful in Hypnotherapy.In this chapter we take a rather closer look at the central systems with which we deal in Hypnosis, in order to per exercise a rough classification. There be those subsystems which interface with the external surround, which discharge be classified into active, e. g. muscular, vocal and responsive, e. g. vision, hearing. Then in that location ar those subsystems which deal with the internal environment, e. g. emotions, internalised speech, opticisation and a variety of maintenance and defence systems. Important among this last class is the feather or fight process.This elementary classification is then used to illustrate the tenets along which Hypnotherapy give the axe proceed. Chapter 7 Processes. This brief chapter takes a closer look at the matter of distinguishing processes as opposed to distinguishing social organizations. It too accounts yet another complex system as an illustration of an organic system an orchestra. The particular virtue of this fashion model is that it provides us with a cover image of what we mean by a process of a system it is akin to the score of an orchestral work.Another very important point make, which is neatly illustrated by this example, is the distinction between the kinematics of a process how a thing proceeds and the dynamics why it proceeds as it does. No amount of analysis of subsystems will in principle enable us fully to understand an organic process by merely analysing its subprocesses we must also always be aware of the influence of larger systems and processes of which it is in turn a subprocess. Chapter 8 Tests. Anyone familiar with Hypnosis will know many tests of Hypnotic responsiveness.These are used in an attempt to determine how readily a potential subject will answer. The purpose of this chapter is to re-evaluate such tests within a systems framework as follows. The tests remain tests, but tests not of Hypnotic responsiveness but of how readily one system of the soul or body activates another in a given individual. Chapter 9 Inductions. Hypnotic inductions are traditionally thought of as processes that the Hypnotist goes through in order to Hypnotise the pillow slip. provided they are mostly presented with minor or no explanation of how they work, or of what is the purpose of their va rious parts. From a systems point of view it suits much easier to see what the purpose of an induction is, and examples are given to illustrate this way of thinking. The result is a much precise, flexible and accurate approach to this area within the field of Hypnotherapy. PART B This central part of the book takes a very close look at the process of Hypnotherapy, in more(prenominal) or less the order that it a rides in hearty life, scratch line with the initial diagnosis.In doing this the value of the systems approach and the notation we have outlined in Part A become more apparent and develop real strength, throwing notwithstanding light on how a variety of Hypnotic phenomena are produced. Chapter 10 The Process of Hypnotherapy. microscope introduce 1 Elements of Diagnosis. This chapter jumps to look at the process of diagnosis by looking at the presented symptom. It then describes the first step in a process of diagnosis which involves looking at precursors and resultant s of the presented symptom. A precursor is a system, a change in the activity of which produces the symptom.A resultant is a system whose activity changes as a direct result of the symptom. In this way we build up a clear picture of the dynamics of the fuss. The typic picture is a chain of systems each affecting the next, with the caper symptom somewhere in the middle. A situation of considerable splendour arises if the chain forms a loop, colloquially termed a vicious circle. Chapter 11 Feedback Loops an Introduction. The tactile adept of a vicious circle is part of a more general set of ideas which deal with what are know as feedback loops. These are of enormous importance in organic systems, and this chapter outlines their principles.We distinguish constructive feedback loops from nix feedback loops, and increasing from decreasing feedback loops. Any of these advise at times occasion the problem we are supposed to be resolving, or prevent a change we want to make, or, on the other hand, be the meaning by which we are removing a problem or ensuring that the changes we make are permanent. Chapter 12 The Process of Hypnotherapy. Stage 2 Consequences of Symptom Reduction. The next step in diagnosis involves looking at the headspring of what would happen if the problem symptom were to be removed.The importance of this comes from the annotation that the problem whitethorn advantageously only remain in beence because of a negative feedback loop which ensures that any reducing in the problem leads to consequences which start it up again. It is essential in successful therapy that such situations be recognised. Chapter 13 Making Changes in Hypnosis. As a preliminary to deciding what to do to change things for the better this very important chapter builds on the analysis of cybernetic processes to emphasise a general and very central technique of Hypnotherapy.We start from the general principle that amplification is involved and the observation that o rganic systems are typically provided with a multitude of increasing positive feedback loops which act precisely like amplifiers. Many Hypnotic phenomena are shown to centre around the principle of deliberately creating and activating such loops. As a secondary but still important principle we pipeline that in many other illustrations a pre-existent loop of this temperament is present but is held in check by the activity of another system.In such cases it is exuberant to inactivate the controlling system in order to tap into the activating power of the loop. But even then the inactivation is likely to be achievable by means of establishing a positive feedback loop. Chapter 14 The Process of Hypnotherapy. Stage 3 Planning a Change. In this chapter attention is condenseed on the process of deciding a strategy in Hypnotherapy for reducing the problem symptom. There is no one way of tackling a given symptom, or parcel a given person. But there is a strategy which has a good chance of producing a short list of the most effective and in hurtle(p) ways.Chapter 15 Reinforcing Changes. In the context of Hypnotherapy it is important to ensure that changes to the Client are reinforced by pointors in the environment. This amounts to ensuring that there will be an increasing positive feedback loop to make the change grow in strength. This is contrasted with a form of therapy in which any new conduct is reinforced only by the therapist, which can result in undue dependence. The principle is that Life must provide the reinforcer. PART C In this third part of the book each chapter is relatively independent.Each takes up one particular aspect of our subject and looks at it from the perspective of the principles that have been developed. Chapter 16 Dynamic Rebound and Paired Systems. In this chapter we focus on a particular and very important principle of organic systems. This is the point that to maintain homeostasis a reasonable equilibrium there evolve pairs of s ystems which act in opposite directions to maintain any important parameter within range. If one increases, then the other decreases. This is coupled to the principle that if we attempt to over-ride a system it will tend, over a few cycles, to strengthen.We may then often find that the most effective strategy in dealing with a problem is analogous to vaccination we act in the short term to produce the very thing which we are hard to prevent in the long term, with the lay of strengthening a internal system which will produce the required change. The converse of this is that a direct attempt to change a system is more analogous to drug therapy it can be very effective in the short term, but in the long term wornens a natural system which would do the alike job, thus creating potential long-term problems.Chapter 17 Dissociation. This chapter draws attention to the general point that in any complex system there are subsystems which may or may not affect each other. If two have no direct effect on each other they may be called totally dissociated. If the effect is only one way we may call it a partial dissociation. The dissociation may also be weak or strong in the latter(prenominal) case there will be some third or higher system which acts so as to prevent the strongly dissociated systems from affecting each other.Examples are given of these phenomena and an interesting point is made regarding the difference in emphasis between Hypnotists, who tend to create dissociation, and Hypnotherapists, who tend to eliminate it. Chapter 18 Indirect Questions. The asking of appropriate questions is a theme which runs through the whole book. One particular aspect of this is asking questions of the Client. Problems can arise when we want to know things roughly subsystems of which there is no conscious awareness. This chapter deals with some of the techniques specific to Hypnotherapy which deal with such a situation.In brief they involve bypassing the oral system and connecting the system of interest to some other system (using the characteristic Hypnotic techniques of eliminating distractions, amplifying responses by means of feedback loops, etc. ). The alternative systems are usually the visual imagination or the motor or emotional systems. Examples are given to illustrate this. Chapter 19 Experimental Hypnotherapy. This chapter underlines the value of the very clear theoretical structure presented in this book when it comes to making meaningful experiments.Since it has proved im manageable to find an agreed objective answer to the question, When is a person Hypnotised? the experimentalist who wishes to be scientific is working on shaky foundations. Within our framework, notwithstanding, the basic question as to whether a particular system is active or not is much more tractable and answerable. It should then be potential to build a strong experimental structure on the basis of clearly specify experiments on the member parts of Hypnotic pr ocedures. Chapter 20 Family Therapy.Family therapy is an area of human psychology which has already incorporated to some extent a systems way of thinking. The background to this is presented for the sake of its similarities to our systematic approach to Hypnotherapy. Some examples are used to illustrate the fact that the approach and notation developed in earlier chapters continue to be precisely as valuable when the primary system is a family and not an individual. The general point is made that the practice of a therapist is characterised by the choice of systems he recognises as important.The divers(prenominal) fields of family therapy are associated with different assumptions as to the subsystems of importance. The same holds for Hypnotherapists the subsystems they regard as important characterise and at times limit them. Chapter 21 Schools of Psychotherapy. contrastive schools of psychotherapy tend to focus their attention on different subsystems of the human mind, and apply different techniques to them. This chapter very briefly outlines some of the major approaches in order to provide an idea of the context of Hypnotherapy.It is concluded that Hypnotherapy, in the sense of this book, is broader than most forms of psychotherapy as it may deal with systems of many kinds and all levels from the comparatively sincere reflexes of the nervous system up to social systems. It involves a prescriptive diagnostic process, a crisp theoretical framework, a sense of the dynamics of feedback systems and a great variety of procedures to change them. Chapter 22 Activity. This chapter presents a precise scientific definition of the key notion of activity which has run through this book.The activity of a system is defined as the rate at which it increases the entropy of the universe a quantity which is in principle always measurable or calculable. It also has the station of always world positive. It is approximately proportional to the power output of the system i n watts. If we wish to extrapolate the notion of activity to socio-economic systems (which are also organic) then a more useful measure will be the rate at which money is spent ? /sec. Chapter 23 Analogies and Metaphors The use of analogies or metaphors in Hypnotherapy is parking lot and important.In this chapter their use is cerebrate to the general principles running through the book. The key idea is that the principles allow us to uncover the abstract dynamic pattern of the problem and solution. The same abstract pattern may be embodied in many particular forms, each of which thereby provides an analogy for all the others. In serviceing a Client we generate an analogy which draws on his or her experience, and present the change that is required to resolve the problem in call of the related change in the analogy.These ideas also throw some further light onto the nature of the theory of this book although many analogies have been presented for Hypnotic phenomena, their purpose is to enable the reader to bobby pin the general or abstract principles which are involved in both Hypnosis and the other fields from which the examples or analogies are drawn. Chapter 24 Consciousness. This brief chapter gives an outline of an approach to the very difficult question of consciousness.The essence of the approach is the theme, which runs through this book, of the twin perspective on any system both as organism part of a larger system or systems and also as containing subsystems. The point is made that when we ask of a system a question based on How? , then we are looking for an answer in terms of its subsystems. On the other hand when we ask a question based on What? we are looking for answers in terms of its supersystem or supersystems. Anything like a full understanding of a system can only be obtained by answering both the How? and the What? questions.Applying these principles to human consciousness, which is taken to involve the highest order of systems within the individual brain, leads inevitably to the conclusion that although research has gone a long (though not the whole) way towards answering the How? questions, the answers to the What? questions must lie in a higher system, which must at least include very many other human beings. The fact that traditionally the What? questions regarding human life have been answered in terms of higher systems than the individual human being is therefore accepted to be the right approach in principle.Chapter 25 Mathematics. This brief chapter points towards the way in which the analysis of Hypnotic phenomena promoted in the body of the book could be developed in such a way that it would connect up with the large existing body of mathematical theory of cybernetic and biological systems. A single very small example of mathematical modelling is given in the hope that even the non-mathematician may get an idea of the potential of such an approach. CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Home Principles Top of va rlet PART A The Principles of Hypnosis INTRODUCTIONThis describes the kind of book you are reading. It is a book which is devoted to presenting a unified theoretical view of the subject. In this way it is new and unique. It does not present any new facts, but rather arranges the facts in a new light. It presents a new paradigm for Hypnosis. WHAT KIND of book is this? This question is an important one. In order to get the best out of a book we need to approach it with the right mind-set. This book is a paradigm-changing book it aims to present a fresh way of looking at the field of Hypnotherapy.It was in 1962 that Kuhn introduced the notion of a paradigm shift to describe a process that has happened in many fields of science at many times. The second edition of his book will be found in the list of References under Kuhn (1970)Bib. It concerns a fundamental change in the way in which the phenomena of the field are viewed, and consequently in the way things are done. In Kuhns view such a change has the nature of a revolution. His book itself introduced a paradigm shift in the field of the theory of scientific ideas.A good survey of his ideas and of those of others who do not agree with him is given by Casti (1989)Bib. Since this book presents a paradigm shift it is a book of ideas. It will therefore stand or fall on the success of these ideas. They will be a success if they help others to make sense of Hypnotherapy. We may contrast this with some books which it is NOT. It is NOT a book which claims to present any new FACTS about Hypnosis. If it were it would contain a number of detailed accounts of specific new experiments and their results it does not. It is NOT a compendium or encyclopaedia of known facts about Hypnotherapy.If it were, it would contain thousands of references to the work of thousands of other workers and what they have discovered it does not. It would also be a great deal thicker. It is NOT a history. If it were it would deal merely with ideas and practices from the past. It does not. It is NOT a handbook of techniques. Although various techniques will be mentioned, they are there only to illustrate and illuminate the theory. A handbook would aim to give extensive lists of techniques. This does not. It is NOT a Teach yourself Hypnotherapy book.Although you will learn a lot about Hypnotherapy, this book will not, in itself, qualify you to be a Hypnotherapist. That requires in addition a lot of practical experience and a lot of detailed information that you would need to acquire from the kinds of books mentioned above. It is NOT one of those philosophers stone of Life books which claims to have found some totally new and remarkably open method of solving all human ills. It is none of those things. It IS a book which aims to change in a fundamental and useful way the manner in which we think about the subjects of Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy.Books of this nature are rare and they are exciting. not only does it give a new per spective, it generates new insights into the processes used. Furthermore it leads to a clear and original description of the process of diagnosis in Hypnotherapy something which is notably vanish in other books on the subject. The association of Hypnosis with therapy is not new. By that name it was first used by the Scottish doctor, James Braid, then practising in Manchester, in the 1840s. Related practices, under other names, were used in healing by Mesmer and his ollowers in the 17th one C and by priest and shaman as remote back as the dawn of recorded history. Over the centuries many books have been written about Hypnosis in the context of therapy. The common characteristic of all these books is that they deal extensively with HOW to create the many phenomena we associate with Hypnotism but give very modest idea of WHY the methods work. There is very little theory. They are therefore of little help when a method does NOT work, which is a matter of some importance to the prac titioner of Hypnotherapy. The early days of most sciences are marked by this same feature.Early chemistry consisted of a collection of recipes, If you add this to that then the following happens There was no real understanding of WHY or HOW it happened. Early medicine was the same. It had a large collection of procedures and treatments, but only vague ideas as to HOW they worked (when they did). In the light of our present understanding, moreover, we can see that the theoretical ideas they did have such as the Hippocratic idea of Humours were inadequate and faulty in the extreme, leading for example to quite un unavoidable and potentially dangerous gore on a massive scale.When a science has reached a certain degree of maturity, as a result of the accumulated experiences of many workers, there comes a stage in which partial, and hard-won, experiences may coalesce to form one uniform picture which makes sense of a whole field. An example of this was the introduction into chemistry of the atomic theory by Dalton (1808)Bib, which was a big paradigm shift and the foundation of all subsequent understanding in the field.It is the contention of this book that Hypnotherapy has come of age, and that it is now possible to describe in some detail a theoretical framework within which Hypnotic phenomena can be produced and understood in a systematic way. This book is written with three classes of readers in mind. The central class consists of students quite a little who are learning the skills of Hypnotherapy. There are increasing numbers of these as this form of therapy becomes more popular. They can expect to find this book a unique aid to understanding what it is that they are learning to do.On one side of these are individuals who already have an extensive understanding of Hypnotherapy, whether as practitioners or as experimentalists. For these individuals this book may be seen as a codification of ideas that are undirected in the pool of common consciousness of H ypnotherapists in this day and age it crystallises these ideas it makes them more definite and clear it unites them in a common pattern. Some of the ideas presented here have already been published in journals read by professionals and found a ready response.The paradigm shift involved does not involve the shattering of existing ideas for most professionals. It is more a matter of drawing together all that we know and do in a systematic way and then building on that foundation a strong new understanding. On the other side of the centre is the group of intelligent readers who want to know what Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy are all about, though with no intention of using them in person. This will include students of psychology and medicine, but also many of the millions of muckle who like to know how things work, and in particular how people work.Hypnotherapy is intimately involved with the ways in which peoples minds and bodies work arguably the most fascinating subject for everyone d istant their own speciality. With this readership in mind the language has been kept comparatively simple. A minimum level of specialised vocabulary is used, and a minimum amount of preliminary knowledge assumed. Having said that, it has been my experience that the concepts are grasped most readily by men and women who are working at the higher levels of many fields such as management, education or consultancy.They seem naturally to think in terms of systems and processes an ability that I suppose is correlated with degree of intelligence. It may well be then that a certain level of intelligence is a prerequisite to grasping the ideas in their abstract form. However, I have supplied many concrete examples to minimise this problem. The theoretical framework described here, although proposed as a basis for understanding Hypnotherapy, is in fact rich and powerful enough also to provide a fresh perspective on a very much wider arena of human behaviour, whether individual or in groups s uch as families or organisations.It is hoped that it will open up new ways of thinking to others as it has to the author. It will seem to outsiders that the Hypnotherapist does not hold a central position in the world of ideas I certainly thought so myself at one time. But I have gradually come to realise that in terms of understanding how people work it is a position second to none. This is because it combines the maximum opportunity for observation with the maximum opportunity for making changes and seeing the results. The Hypnotherapist sees people from all ranks of life. People open up and disclose their innermost feelings and houghts to the Hypnotherapist, so that a full picture emerges of the entire course of peoples lives. The Hypnotherapist is not restricted to working with people in whom there is a severe mental malfunction as are Psychiatrists for the most part. He or she is instead often working with anicteric and typical people who want help with a single problem in an otherwise satisfactory life or to improve their performance in some way. Consequently the Hypnotherapist can form a clear idea of the range of ways that people normally deal with life there is not the Psychiatrists exclusive emphasis on severe malfunction.Compared with many other related fields such as counselling or psychoanalysis, the Hypnotherapist is expected to a off the beaten track(predicate) greater degree actively to change things a variety of things in a variety of people. This seems to me to be of far-reaching importance. The scientific revolution which began around the ordinal century was a result of men who were not, in the Greek tradition, restricted to contemplation and reflection in the pursuit of truth, but who had hands-on experience.There is nothing like trying to make a change and failing, to drive home the fact that you do not understand what you are doing. When your livelihood depends on making successful changes it concentrates the mind still better. If, on the other hand, it is possible to take an ivory-tower approach and to build a theory on the basis of what has been merely read, then there is little chance of any immediate feedback to prove the theory wrong. Later on in this book we will find much on the importance of feedback loops.In the present context I will observe that improvement in any skill or ability depends on a feedback loop in which deed is followed by an assessment of how successful that execution has been, which is followed by an appropriate modification and further executions. That is how the Wright brothers learned to fly. That is how anyone learns to play golf. That is how babies learn to co-ordinate their limbs. That is how science has grown. The Hypnotherapist is in the position of having immediate feedback, perhaps within delicates, quite usually within an hour and always within days to test how successful he or she has been in effecting a change.As a matter of contrast, many Psychoanalysts work over periods of years with a Client. The feedback is so slow, I wonder it can ever have any effect on practice. Research Psychologists are disciplined to work with a very small area of human psychology each experiment can take months or years, and can lead only to knowing a lot about very little. Psychologists who build theories on the results of the work of such careful research inevitably spend most of their lives in libraries and laboratories they have little chance to get any feedback by putting their ideas into any kind of practice.Many counsellors are constrained by present conventions to be non-directive that is to verify they are supposed NOT to make direct changes, but rather to somehow create an environment in which the Clients will make changes for themselves. Since there is so little action, there is limited scope for feedback also. In addition, many such professionals are working in salaried positions which has two drawbacks.One is that they involve extensive costs in terms of the time that has to be spent on the organisation the committees, the paperwork, the administration, etc. which reduces either or both of the time available for original thought and the time spent dealing with clients or patients. The second is that since the salary cheque is only very, very mostly connected with success at helping people as contrasted with making a good impression on the System, there is not the same direct and immediate incentive to improve at the cutting edge of the work.The Professional Hypnotherapist by which I mean an intelligent man or woman who devotes his or her whole life to the field, not someone who is a professional in some other field like medicine and does a little Hypnosis on the side is, by contrast, in a perfect position to devote ALL his or her time to studying and changing the functioning of other people with ample and immediate feedback available. This is the optimum position to be in in any field.I, personally, have adopted and then discarded because they failed me in practice, hundreds of different partial theoretical structures before finally evolving that which is presented in this book, which has passed the hard test of day-to-day work and also exposure to my professional peers. My initial training and doctorate were in Mathematics with a strong leaning to Theoretical Physics. These force you to think clearly and deeply and honestly about the structures and dynamics of things. Ideas must be as crisp as possible woolliness of thought is a sin.When I plunged into the world of Hypnotherapy, I found none of the precision of thought I was used to, no systematic approach, no theory worthy of the name. I also found my ego very badly hit every time I failed to help someone. Furthermore I had no salary Clients are not reimbursed by Health Insurance Policies for Hypnotherapy as yet neither can they get it free people on the National Health Service. When Clients are paying with their own money, they require evidence that the s ervice is worth it. And this is even more align in Yorkshire.The fact that if you make no progress then you make no money concentrates the mind wonderfully, I find. If an idea does not work you reject it at once. Those that pass and evolve in this tough environment are fit and strong and lean and healthy. I hope you will find these qualities throughout this book. Finally I come to a small matter of how to refer to the approach to Hypnotherapy which has evolved in this way. In my first articles for the European Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, I referred to it as a Systems-oriented Paradigm for Hypnotic Phenomena.This is a bit of a mouthful, and the Journal used, as a more useful label, the phrase, the Morgan Proposition. Neither of these lends itself to the formation of a useful adjective systematic is a possible one, but this is too general a word. As you read the book, you will find that central to the approach is the notion of the functioning of complex organic systems. An altern ative adjective could therefore be organic, but this again is too general. Finally I stumbled on an adjective which is concise, reminds us of this aspect of the theory, is specific and easily memorable Morganic.So when, from time to time, it is necessary to distinguish between the approach of this book and other approaches I will use this coined word as a convenient shorthand. Home Contents Next Chapter CHAPTER 1 Clearing the Ground Here we make sure that we know what certain key words will mean in this book. The word Hypnosis will refer ONLY to the subject and not to some hypothetical state or condition. OUR TOOLS for understanding are ideas and words. To do a good job tools must be clean and clear. This short chapter does some of this necessary preparation.Let us begin with the word hypnosis. It has been used in a number of senses. It is sometimes said that a person is in hypnosis. Or it might be used in a phrase such as experimental hypnosis to mean a field of expertise. In thi s book the words hypnosis and hypnotherapy will refer ONLY to fields of knowledge and skill. They are in the same class as the words chemistry, medicine (as a discipline), physics, etc. The reasons why this is important will become clearer later. Briefly it is because the other use conjures up a picture of a subject in a unique state of hypnosis.Detailed experiments have failed to establish any way of defining such a state or distinguishing it from other, non-hypnotic states. For the same reason the phrase an hypnotic trance will not be used. On the other hand a field of knowledge is comparatively easy to define. It is characterised by an interest in a certain class of phenomena. The field defined by interest in the weather can be labelled meteorology, of interest in the past, history, in books, literature, in the nerves, clinical neurology and so on. Notice that it is the phenomena that define the subject and not the theories or the practices.For example, the techniques used in che mistry have varied enormously over time. Modern equipment is vastly different from nineteenth century equipment Bunsen didnt start using his burner until 1855 Chemical theories have also changed enormously over time Daltons atomic theory only goes back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. In a similar way both the ideas that people have had about the field of Hypnosis and the methods they have used have changed considerably, but the phenomena of interest have remained relatively fixed.What the Hypnotist is interested in is a certain class of changes in the functioning of the mind and body brought about in a non-physical and naturalistic way. Later on we will list in more detail most of the common such changes, but here we will pedigree a few such things analgesia a loss of a sense of pain amnesia -an induced forgetfulness involuntary movements induced by suggestion alone and distortion of the messages of the senses, in which a lemon may be made to taste like an apple, a cl early visible object may not be perceived, or an object may be seen though not present.The Hypnotherapist is more interested in a rather different class of changes, such as recovery of lost memories, removal of old habits or patterns of thought, elimination of tensions, changes in perceptions to bring them more in line with reality, changes in mood and so on in brief to change things which are perceived as problems. When we say that these changes are to be produced in a non-physical way, it implies that the changes are NOT produced by the application of drugs, electricity, magnetism or other physical agency.To say that the changes are produced in a naturalistic way implies that neither are they produced by some strange or unnatural force, power or phenomenon. Hypnotic phenomena are a result of using the natural modes of functioning of the mind and body, but in focused or particular or unusual ways, to produce the desired changes. It is because we are using only modes of functioning which can exist naturally that no hard line can be drawn between a state of hypnosis and any other state or mode of functioning of a person. For many people this point cannot be emphasised too much.In the uninformed mind there is a simple picture that being under hypnosis is rather like going under an anaesthetic a sudden and dramatic departure of consciousness. While the stage Hypnotist will at times work (with his better Subjects) to approximate to this state of affairs, it has been found by careful experiment that the same phenomena which can be produced under those conditions can also be produced under conditions where there is no such dramatic change. A related error can be typified by a recent doubt to me Can Hypnosis be used to improve my memory, so that I could pick up and learn a telephone directory? This is effectively equivalent to being able effortlessly to be a chess Master, a scratch golfer, etc. The normal rules of functioning of the mind and body demand that practic e, and a lot of it, is necessary to develop such skills. Hypnotic techniques may be used to increase motivation, to reduce distracting thoughts and to optimise the results of practice, but they are always working on natural systems which have their own rules and therefore limitations. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sows ear.There is a lot of power and potential in Hypnotic techniques, but they are not magic not contrary to the laws of physics, chemistry or neurology. It is easily possible to get a person to feel themselves too intemperately to get off a chair. But it will not result in any extra drag on the chair. Two other words that will be used in this book are Subject and Client. The former will normally refer to a person whose functioning is being changed by a Hypnotist, and the latter by a Hypnotherapist. Some Hypnotherapists use the term Patient in place of Client. SUMMARYHYPNOSIS is the area of knowledge concerned with certain naturalistic changes in the functioning of the mind and nervous system. HYPNOTHERAPY is the application of such knowledge to help individuals with a related class of problems. We will not use the concept of a state of hypnosis in this book. Home Contents Introduction Next Chapter CHAPTER 2 Hypnotic Phenomena IN ORDER TO GET a clearer view of the Subject matter of Hypnosis we will next look at some of the more common phenomena which have been reliably produced in certain people in an experimental setting as well as by Hypnotherapists or stage Hypnotists.There is no real disagreement about the existence of these phenomena. Others may be added to the list below and there can be disagreement over the precise nature of what is happening in them and also about theories designed to rationalise how they are happening. But there is general agreement that the phenomena do characterise the field of Hypnosis. In each of these examples it must be remembered that no claim is made that the particular phenomenon can be produced with equal ease in everyone, nor that it will be possible in everyone.Remember that we are dealing with naturalistic phenomena. The fact that some individuals are colour blind does not invalidate the phenomenon of full colour vision in others. The fact that some individuals have poor memories and take a lot of time to learn things does not negate the achievements of certain individuals who can memorise enormous amounts quickly. The fact that not everybody can run a nautical mile in under 6 minutes does not affect the fact that a great number could, with practice, or that there are many who can run it in under 4 minutes.Neither does the fact that the world record time has been reducing allow us to deduce that a 2 minute mile will some day be possible. The general principles of ALL human behaviour or achievement are that there is a range in the capacity of different individuals to produce certain behaviour that anyones capacity can be improved by proper practice and that there are natura l limits to what can be done. If Hypnosis dealt with phenomena which did NOT obey these principles it would be a very strange Subject indeed.Consequently in reading the following, remember always that each example is something that can be produced to a high degree quite easily in some people, to a lesser degree and/or in more time in others, and finally to no significant extent in any reasonable time with yet others. It is also a fact that there is only a loose correlation between an individuals capacity to produce one phenomenon and another, rather in the way that if you are very good at geography there is a better than average chance that you will also be good at history, but it is far from certain.The stage Hypnotist works within these constraints of nature by selecting from the audience, by means of various tests, those individuals in which the phenomena of interest can be produced most easily. The Hypnotherapist, who has to work with a wider range of individuals, will tend to u se more time and a variety of methods in order to offset the limitations that may arise in a particular individual. Some Hypnotic Phenomena In the following list the phenomena are grouped into those areas of the brain or nervous system or body which they involve.VOLUNTARY herculean SYSTEM At one time it was a popular part of a demonstration of stage Hypnotism for the Hypnotist to get a Subject to go completely rigid. So great was this rigidity that the Subject could be supported on two chairs by his head and heels alone. And as if this were not enough the Hypnotist would be able to sit or stand on the supported body with no complaint from the Subject or yielding of his body This has now been banned in the UK by the Hypnotism Act of 1952, as it could lead to physical damage.At the opposite extreme from this, it is comparatively easy to induce in those same large muscles of the body an extreme limpness or relaxation which is so great that the Subject feels unable to move them. In bet ween these extremes there are a variety of phenomena in which a large group of muscles those of an arm, perhaps will move in response not to the perceived will of the Subject, but rather in response to verbal suggestions from the Hypnotist. INVOLUNTARY MUSCULAR SYSTEM There are many muscles in the body which we do not normally expect to be able to control at will.These include the heart, which is one big muscle, the small muscles which expand and contract to control the flow of subscriber line through veins and arteries, and the muscles of the stomach and alimentary system which push the food along its way. Hypnotic techniques have been shown to be able to affect these. Heart rate may be increased quite a lot, and reduced to a lesser extent. The flow of blood can be altered so that, for example, it can be increased to warm the feet or decreased to cool them. The flow of blood to the face can be altered in order to induce or reduce blushing. And so on. SENSORY SYSTEMSAnother popul ar phenomenon for the stage Hypnotist is to get a Subject to eat an onion under the impression that it is an apple. In order for this to be possible and with every indication of enjoyment there must have been changes in that persons perception of taste, smell and also vision. In general it is possible to change the messages from any sense. The sense of touch can be altered either so that a certain kind of numbness results in which a touch cannot be felt at all, or, conversely, so that it reports the presence of a stimulus which has no basis in reality for example, that an insect is crawling over the skin.Glove anaesthesia is a term often used in Hypnotherapy to describe a situation in which nothing is felt in one or both hands up to the wrist as if a thick glove is being worn which makes it impossible to feel things. The related sense of pressure can likewise be affect, all the way from feeling no gumption of the pressure of the body on the chair to a great sensation of pressu re on the chest which has no outward cause, for example. The sense of smell may be affected either to produce anosmia the absence of all sensation of smell or to change the perceptions so that one smell becomes interpreted as another.A pleasant scent can be made to smell like hydrogen sulphide rotten eggs or ammonia like a rose. The related sense of taste can likewise be affected to change either the quality of the taste or its intensity. Sweet can turn to sour and vice versa, or can simply vanish. The sense of hearing can be affected so that the Subject fails to reply at all to a certain class of sounds, while remaining aware of others for example, he may remain aware of the Hypnotists voice, but unaware of anyone else or any background noise.The sense of sight can be affected in a similar way so that things which are there may not be noticed and things which are not present are visualised as vividly as if they were there. A popular stage trick is to give the Subject X-ray gl asses which seem to be able to see through the clothes of anyone looked at. The sense of orientation may be altered so that, for example, a feeling of lying at a steep angle can be induced in a person lying horizontally, or a feeling of falling in someone who is standing vertically.The sense of temperature may be affected so that a part or whole of the body is perceived as being either hotter or colder than it is in reality, though there is no change measurable by a thermometer. The sense of pain, though it is so much more acute than the other senses, follows the same pattern. Because of its importance it has received a great deal of experimental attention and the basic facts have been established conclusively. It is indeed true that a person can be induced by Hypnotic procedures to be consciously aware of less pain in a given circumstance, or, on the other hand, of more.HABITUAL SYSTEMS A typical habit is a complex pattern of behaviour which is carried out automatically with little or no conscious thought. Although it may involve the same groups of muscles that are involved in the phenomena mentioned above, it is really a higher order phenomenon of the nervous system. Such habits are regulated primarily by a part of the brain called the cerebellum and altering habits is therefore altering the functioning of a part of the brain.For the stage Hypnotist the task is often to establish a new habit, such as standing and declaiming something when a certain piece of music plays. For a Hypnotherapist the task is the more difficult one of preventing a long-established habit, such as smoking or nail-biting, from continuing. EMOTIONAL SYSTEMS The emotions tend to shade into each other more gradually than do the senses it is hard to put a clear line between a pleasure and happiness in the way that we can distinguish touch and pain, for example.But the principles we have seen above in the senses continue to hold in the sphere of the emotions. Whether we consider love, lik ing, excitement, pleasure, happiness, or fear, anger, grief, guilt, depression or any other shade of feeling, it is true that they can be induced or suppressed or altered in quality. Although feelings do not seem to us to be localised, in terms of our physiology they are primarily a function of a certain structure in the brain called the limbic system. So in altering emotions we are again dealing with a part of the brain.This part is in direct contact with a small gland in the brain called the thalamus, which produces hormones which in turn affect other endocrine glands in the body. The best known of these are the adrenal gland and the ovaries or testes. If a person is induced by some Hypnotic technique to feel fear or excitement then the adrenal glands respond as a part of the process. This underlines the fact that Hypnotic techniques can also affect the functioning of the endocrine system. Another example might be the stimulant or suppression of sexual feelings, which would be a ccompanied by changes in the level of sexual hormones.RELATIONSHIPS Of very great importance to most people are their relationships with others. A relationship is a complex pattern of feelings and habitual actions and responses in two or more people, so it involves systems which have been mentioned above. Very often the problem presented to the Hypnotherapist lies in this area, and the task is to sort out what parts of the complex pattern it is best to change in order to improve matters. Insofar as it is possible to alter feelings and actions by Hypnotic techniques, it is by the same token possible to alter the course of a relationship.IMMUNE SYSTEM Scattered through the literature on the subject there are accounts of the use of Hypnotic techniques to influence the bodys ability to react to a wide range of illnesses, including cancer. Perhaps the best evidence underpinning the rigorousness of these reports is the very well-attested fact of the Placebo Response. This simply says tha t for virtually any illness there will be a certain proportion of sufferers who will recover importantly better if they are given something that they believe will work, even if it is totally neutral medicinally.Insofar as Hypnotic techniques can evidently change an individuals belief about all manner of things, as we have seen, there is every reason to suppose that it can act as well as, if not better than the beliefs involved in the Placebo Response to help peoples bodies to heal themselves. MENTAL SYSTEMS We have seen that emotions and habits are both properly seen to be functions of the brain, though they may not be thought to be so by the man in the street. We will now consider a few more functions of the brain which are more ostensibly so.Memory is a particular function of the brain which has also been demonstrably affected by Hypnotic procedures. It, also, can be enhanced, inhibited, made selective or falsified. On the stage a popular alteration is to make the Subject forget some quite simple thing, like the name of a colour or the number 7. The Subject may struggle very hard to recall the missing fact but fail totally. An alternative is to get him to believe that something is true or has happened which has not. If a Subject is induced to remember that another person has cheated him in some way, he will start to act in a way which is amusing to the audience.But the serious side to this is that certain individuals can be influenced to believe that they have remembered episodes or early sexual abuse which never in fact happened. The problems that can arise from this are termed the False Memory Syndrome. Concentration is another high-order mental faculty which can be intimately affected by Hypnotic techniques. It is not uncommon to come across cases in which the Subject responds exclusively to the voice of the Hypnotist, and seems totally oblivious to all else. This is a particular case of total concentration.Equally it can be possible to make concentratio n on any subject very difficult. More generally the entire mental framework can be altered, as when a Subject can be induced to imagine himself to be Elvis Presley, or some other person, and act, respond and answer questions from the viewpoint of that person. Since this book is not encyclopaedic there is no need to list ALL possibilities. Enough has now been said to indicate something of the range of changes that have been recorded. SUMMARY Hypnotic procedures have been demonstrated in laboratories and elsewhere to produce a wide range of changes in the functioning of human beings.Something of the range has been listed above. Home Contents Previous Chapter Next Chapter Principles of Hypnosis CHAPTER 3 Introducing Systems A very important idea which is central to future development is that of systems, and particularly organic systems. This chapter introduces some of the basic properties of systems which will recur throughout the book, primarily their level of activity, and the mos t basic ways in which they might affect each other. An important shorthand notation is also presented. IN THE LAST CHAPTER the word system frequently arose.In our growing understanding of the functioning of body and brain, scientists have come to recognise the nature and modes of functioning of many systems in the body. There are the nervous system, the digestive system, the cardiovascular system, the limbic system, the endocrine system, the immune system, the muscular system and so on. Each of these systems has an identifiable structure. The nerves are the physical structure of the nervous system the heart plus veins and arteries and their associated small muscles form the structure of the cardiovascular system, and so on.But equally, if not more, important are the processes which the system undergoes. The existence of the heart has been known since prehistoric time. But the fact that it circulates the blood only became understood with William Harvey (1578-1637) in the early sevent eenth century. The existence of the major planets of our solar system was also known from prehistoric times, but the principles of their movements were only properly described by Newton (1642-1727) in the latter half of the seventeenth century.To get any proper idea of a system we must know how it works what kinds of processes it undergoes what are the principles governing those processes. The difference is related to the difference between seeing a thing in static terms and dynamic terms. This great change has taken place in a multitude of sciences, and each time has heralded a great increase in understanding. Darwins Theory of Evolution is an example of a change from a view which held that species were fixed to one in which they changed in certain ways for specific reasons.The theory of continental drift has similarly transformed geology. As a simple analogy illustrating this matter from another angle, consider the position of a car mechanic. He might well be able to put quite a f ew things right by following a few assay and tested procedures that he has found to be effective in some instances. But unless he understands the principles governing the function of the various parts of the machine, his ability is going to be strictly limited he will have no real idea of why the changes he makes are effective, and so his work will remain rather hit and miss.He has to know how and why the parts move or operate in order to understand things properly. It will be clear from the last chapter that the field of interest of Hypnotherapy is intimately involved with the functioning of effectively all the major systems of the mind and body. In order to understand what we are doing we are therefore forced to give thought to understanding the nature of these organic systems, and in particular to understanding their modes of functioning and interacting. There is no option. The phenomena are clear. That they involve changes to systems of the body is clear.That the changes are no t to their structure (we are not surgeons) is clear. That we change the behaviour is clear. Consequently we are dealing with the dynamics of complex organic systems. If we are to form an idea of the principles of Hypnosis we are therefore forced to start with a picture, however simple, of the dynamics of the organic or biological subsystems of human beings. The study of the dynamics of organic systems in general is a growth area it is highly pertinent to economics, ecology, sociology and biology, and has been approached from all those areas.I have not been able to find an existing approach, however, which is well-adapted to the kinds of systems and dynamics involved in Hypnosis. The following language and methodology is therefore designed specifically to be useful in our field, though it can be generalised to others. How does one start to design a dynamical theory? It is a tried and trusted principle that one should as far as possible work with observables. To base a theory on unob servables is to be working in the dark there is no way of verifying if the theory is right or wrong and no way of refining it.What observables therefore can we say are applicable to all the systems of mind and body in which we are interested? The answer which I will adopt is the level of activity. It is possible, by means of very fine electrodes, to measure quite precisely the level of activity of a single neuron (nerve cell). It is easily possible to measure the mean activity of the heart the heart rate. It is possible to get a good measure of the level of activity of a muscle by means of seeing what force it can resist, or by its oxygen consumption.The overall level of activity of a region of the brain can be estimated by standard the rise in temperature of that region (a method used over a century ago) or more modern methods involving measuring electrical activity (EEG) or local blood flow and metabolism positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The activity of various glands can be estimated by measuring the concentration of the hormones they produce in the blood. And so on.Although the functions of the various systems are of course distinct, we can in each case form at last a qualitative and very often a precise quantitative measure of its activity at a given time, and hence how its activity is changing with time. Later, in Part C, we will discuss a more exact definition of activity, applicable to all systems, but at this introductory level it is enough to note that the intuitively clear notion of activity is something that is in principle observable for systems of the body. We will therefore base our theory on the notion of the activity of a system.Let us now take a very brief look at a simple Hypnotic process with this idea in mind. A fairly typical Hypnotic induction as used by a Hypnotherapist today may proceed as follows. First of all the Subjects eyeball may be induced to close, by one of a number of methods which usually involve fixing the gaze on some point, and some form of verbal suggestion that eyes will get tired until they close. However it is done, it is clear that the result must be a great reduction in the activity of the whole of the part of the visual system involved in viewing the external world.With the eyes closed all the nerves from the retinas to the visual cortex will become quiescent. A typical second step is to encourage physical relaxation. This again may be accomplished in a variety of ways each group of muscles may first be tensed so that there will be a natural rebound into a more relaxed state there may simply be a focus of attention on groups of muscles and a suggestion of relaxation there may be the creation of an imaginary scenario such as a warm beach, which is designed to induce relaxed feelings.But however it is done the result is a great reduction of the activity of the main voluntary muscles, and very often the involuntary ones as well. It will be noticed tha t a typical induction process is a one-way affair. Unless a question is asked, the Client does not talk. This is usually accomplished by the Hypnotist maintaining a steady flow of speech in which there are no cues for the Subject to respond verbally. But however it is done, the result is that the active speech-producing system often becomes very inactive. The pattern is clear.The Hypnotherapist is reducing the activity of close all systems one by one. Higher-order faculties which are harder to observe, such as an internal verbal analysis of what is going on and a critical analysis of its content, are typically also reduced. There is, however, at least one exception to the general rule that systems are inactivated and that is the aural system. The Subject must continue to be able to hear the Hypnotherapist. Ideally this system should become more active than usual the intention is for the listener to respond more than usual to what is said by the Hypnotherapist.This may be accompanie d by a reduction of attention to other sounds. Another possible exception will be a partic

Economics for Business Essay

When we speak about the UK food groceryplace of postal go, its image is indispensably attached with the notion of monopoly. For more than 350 years the UK postal grocery storeplace has been dominated by the kingly send off. However, since 2006 the mart has been open to competitors, and the postal emoluments marketplace players strove for possessing equal melodic phrase opportunities. It is essential to review the veritable trends in the postal services market within the UK through the prism of monopoly, ambition, and their benefits/ effects for the consumer and the overall power/ quality of postal services in the country.Monopoly Royal Mail in the UK has for long been referred to as privileged and increasingly unusual position of being a estate-owned partnership protected from the market place (Crew & Kleindorfer 2007, p. 7). As a result, Royal Mail has expire one of the brightest representatives of what monopoly is within the British economy as a whole. It is essen tial to understand that when we speak about the state of postal services in the UK market, it give the gatenot be described other than non matched before the year 2006.Moreover, even so in the light of the improving communication strategies, Royal Mail was not losing its position, and was even fortify it we atomic number 18 still dependent on the efficient, speedy delivery of bills and payments to our homes and businesses in exchange for the price of a stamp (Starkey 2006, p. 71). Despite the primarily negative attitudes towards the monopolistic position of Royal Mail, monopoly is an objective market notion, and as any other market structure, it possesses its benefits and its disadvantages. In order to arrive to relevant conclusions, we have to consider both. genius of the study advantages of monopoly, and particularly in the postal services, is exercising the principles of the economy of scale in smaller postal enterprises this task may become impossible to fulfill. Moreover, having more available free resources, monopolies argon frequently viewed as being closer to innovation than any other smaller enterprises within the postal services sector. However, this self-reliance is rather argumentative, and sparing professionals tended to evaluate Royal Mails position within the postal services market as negatively monopolistic (AICES 2006, p. 8).This patently meant that Royal Mail was not striving towards exercising its free resources to bring innovation into postal services sector as a result, argument was viewed as the only resolution for that difficult economic situation. This is a well-known conflict, when one tries to assess the opportunities and drawbacks of the monopolistic market structure while monopoly generates significant profits which could potentially be directed at innovations, it simultaneously lacks any incentives to make these innovations real. This conflict has become the major reason for initiation the market of UK postal services to competition.It is even more interesting to bear in mind that competition is not al counselings the best solution to all economic problems of monopoly, and the responses to opening the postal market in the UK are still dubious and extremely various. Much of nonsense is due to the liberalization of postal services. Here mercantile firms bid for, and take, the lucrative part, the business institutionalize. We all know what happens then. My own bank envelopes come with a commercial firms logo the various branches email the details to a primaeval department, where statements are prepared, one truck takes it all away and they only have to deliver to main postcode areas. (Clark 2007)The monopolistic structure of the UK market was not connected with any type of competition the market was dominated by Royal Mail, and this value-added tax exempt company served the only postal services provider in the country. With the Government being the major Royal Mails shareholder, it was understanda ble why this provider possessed multiple economic benefits and did not strive to break the quality of its services (Sloman 2004, p. 45). For us to understand all implications of the UK postal services liberalization, we come to the description and evaluation of the current situation within the UK postal market sector.The new market structure of postal services in the UK It is very important to understand how the postal services market in the UK looks at present. It should be noted that Royal Mail currently faces the competition from other 17 postal companies, and this market structure seems to create favorable conditions for useful competition. The largest portion of mail within this market goes from businesses to consumers (Starkey 2006, p. 72). Several companies have signed access agreements with Royal Mail, allowing mail they have collected and sorted to be fed into Royal Mails network for final delivery.Royal Mail made 2. 4 billion access deliveries in 2006-07 (Starkey 2006, p . 72). Even with the 17 new postal companies comely competitive to Royal Mail, the latter still provides 99% of all postal deliveries within the UK. We cant make the companies take advantages. We can just touch on the rules and put in a licensing regime, only Royal Mil will always be the major service provider (Simpkins 2005). Other alternative postal service providers are currently capable of providing any types of postal services, with the exception of non-bulk items delivery, less than 100g in weight (Crew & Kleindorfer 2007, p. 8).Thus, is it possible to suggest that the postal services market in the UK has become as open as many had expected it to be? Of course, it is possible that the full effects of opening the UK postal services market are not yet perceived by the customers and businesses. However, it is also probable that there still exist significant barriers to competition within the postal market. Postcomm is interested that the competition so far has been too limited , and that this has allowed Royal Mail to get away with providing customers with a poor quality service (Crew & Klenidorfer 2007, p. 9).Before 2006 the mail market of the UK was stated to lack competition, but possessing a considerable potential for growth as a result many viewed competition and market openness as the best resolution to multiple issues postal monopoly in the UK traditionally rose (Falkenhall & Kolmodin 2005, p. 10). The opposition of Royal Mail to opening the market was natural and understandable the company viewed this step as the direct pathway towards reduction of the profit margins, but the situation could not remain unchanged due to contemporary economic requirements towards competition.The susceptibility of postal services after opening the market will gradually change. This process will be slow due to multiple barriers created on the way of potential Royal Mail competitors. However, some of the following results can be expected within the long-term period, a nd after numerous postal companies acquire unclouded access to different niches of the postal services market. First, the emergence of new services will increase the overall susceptibility of the postal services in the UK.It is already unornamented that being surrounded by multiple competitors that strive for conquering and expanding their market share, even Royal Mail had to introduce a three-year plan of alternate changes have included the introduction of Single Day Delivery, reviews of its mail centers and transport and a significant number of redundancies (Starkey 2006, p. 74). Second, the competition further increases efficiency by providing unlike market players with the opportunity to enter the market of postal services as a result the efficiency of postal services at the international direct also increases, which is especially important for businesses.Royal Mail was once blamed for being underdeveloped in terms of mechanizing its services, and making them more efficien t (Falkenhall & Kolmodin 2005, p. 14). The current market processes in the UK postal services structure urge companies to reduce their workforce and to implement effective IT solutions for better services provision. Although, this does not mean that creating competition in the area of postal services inevitably leads to unemployment.With the creation and expansion of private postal operators, the amount of required qualified workforce increases, and we can state that competition only contributes into changing the balance of workforce between the operators. Competition is the best tool of increasing profitability and efficiency of national postal operators (Crew & Kleindorfer 2007, p. 44). unrivalled may suggest that the discussed changes in the market were long anticipated, and the fact of legal uncertainty and Royal Mails monopoly seriously hindered the process of investing into postal services by private operators.What one can expect now is the growing efficiency of the postal se rvices along with the increase price concord and the constant process of quality improvement in the structure of postal services in the UK. It should be noted, that the discussed improvements will and could occur in the ideal economic situation, when the openness of the market means providing real fair opportunities for competitors. However, the reality of the situation is different full competition in the UK postal market is blocked by two very fundamental issues Royal Mails unique VAT exemption and the focus on downstream access (Starkey 2006, p. 4).Private players of the postal market cannot access fair business opportunities and increase their efficiency against the zonal pricing introduced by Royal Mail not long before opening the market. Royal Mail has an access to changing its prices without being reviewed by Postcomm (Clark 2007). As a result, we face the challenge of competition vs. the realities of destabilization in the UK market of postal services. We cannot objectively state that the competition was introduced to increase efficiency, when Royal Mail creates unfavorable conditions for the rival operators (Starkey 2006, p. 5).While the efficiency of postal services changes very slowly, it is more than evident that the customers have already benefited from making the market of postal services competitive. First of all, private operators have changed the emphasis of their services from being business-oriented to being customer-oriented. As a result, new entrants are building their products around their customers needs rather than asking their customers to fit in around their businesses (Starkey 2006, p. 75).For example, numerous private customers have already perceived the benefits of later collection times (AICES 2006, p. 11). It is anticipated that private market players will keep expanding the range of postal services in case no barriers are created against these initiatives. The impact of competitive postal services on the customer is better to b e viewed through the prism of Royal Mail achievements. The company has been the leading postal provider for almost 400 years, and its changing position and market attitudes can display the tendencies of economic development as a result of market openness.The major changes have taken place in companys attitudes towards their customers although there is still some way to go to embed a culture of commercial customer focus throughout the organization, there is no doubt that Royal Mail has turned the corner (AICES 2006, p. 18). Customers have acquired additional power in maintaining effective relations with the postal service Royal Mail services turn towards being more attentive to their customers.They have displayed new abilities to listen to the customer, and to change in accordance with the customers requirements. Competition appears to be the matter of choice for the customer consequentially, companies in the postal services sector have more incentives to plight customer value throu gh innovation and better customer satisfaction. The current situation in the UK market of postal services is still much misidentify and contradicting. On the one hand, we have the evidence of customers being completely satisfied with postal services being competitive.On the other hand, we cannot agree to the fact that the efficiency of postal services has change magnitude even through the prism of growing profitability of some postal services. Certainly, the postal services have reached the stage at which costs are more comparable to the prices of postal services the elimination of monopoly has opened the gateways to being more reasonable and more objective in place the price for postal services. Simultaneously, it is difficult to disagree to the fact that Royal Mail still occupies 96% of the UK market (Starkey 2006, p. 6). The essence of competition is not in attracting rivals, but rather providing consumers with choice. In this situation efficiency of postal services is replace d by more important customer preferences. Monopoly is a big, big issue, and it is a test of our high society as to whether we are to organize everything to make a profit (Benn 2007). Royal Mail is the embodiment of the economic paradox in the area of postal services in the UK. This paradox lies in connection with economies of scale.While with the large delivery volumes Royal Mails unit costs are low, but with Royal Mail being monopolistic the company can hardly be called efficient. Thus, with the price of Royal Mails services being extremely competitive and sometimes too low, it is simultaneously inefficient (Falkenhall & Kolmodin 2005, p. 29). Competition thus appears more beneficial for the customers, than for the companies in the postal services niche. It is essential that other private players can have access to similar scale benefits even if they cannot compete to the well-branched delivery network of Royal Mail.The efficiency of Royal Mails rivals cannot be increased until th e issue of VAT exemption is resolved. The VAT regime for post in the UK is a particularly pernicious barrier. Most people here will be aware that although Royal Mail is VAT exempt, its competitors are not, which causes pricing distortions especially for those customers that are also VAT exempt (Starkey 2006, p. 76). Simultaneously, there is another serious aid about the rival companies behavior on the market.Some specialists fear that what takes place in Royal Mail is subsidizing lighter items with heavier mail, subsidizing social users for the account of business users, etc (Crew & Kleindorfer 2007, p. 51). In this situation competitive postal companies will strive for taking the most lucrative market niches, leaving Royal Mail without income from the most profitable services. However, this is where VAT exemption can serve for the benefit of the company due to the lower prices, it is hardly possible that open competition will jeopardize the ecumenic service and Royal Mail in gene ral.In this situation one may possible predict the instability of the postal services market in the short-term period, and instability of the market structure is no better than previously existing monopoly. The UK postal services have appeared in the extremely essential stage of reconstructive memory introducing competition cannot go smoothly for all market players. It should be noted that the issues of elimination or threat to the universal service are easily neutralized, and universal services can in no way be compromised by introducing competition.Any objective analysis shows that consumers, as well as businesses, have benefited from market opening through higher quality. In addition, prices have been substantially reduced for business customers while households have been protected from price increases (Sloman 2004, p. 97). Yet, our objective analysis shows that competition in the UK postal services is in its initial stage. We have proved that customers evidently benefit from ma king the post market competitive, but the economic efficiency of the postal services is still to be achieved and increased. ConclusionWe have come to conclusion that the effects of competition in the UK market of postal services are primarily viewed within the area of consumer satisfaction. The overall economic efficiency of postal services still leaves much to be desired. However, introduction of competition is the solid pedestal for providing consumers with choice, and expanding the market structure of postal services in the country. Certainly, monopoly possesses its advantages, but competition is the best perspective for both the new private players and Royal Mail in creating incentives for development and improvement.